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The Resilience Scale
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About The Resilience Scale
Scale Name
The Resilience Scale
Author Details
Gail M. Wagnild and Heather M. Young
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
The Resilience Scale (RS) was developed by Gail Wagnild and Rita Young in 1993. The scale was developed based on a qualitative study of 24 older women who had adapted successfully following a major life event and a qualitative study of 39 caregivers of spouses with Alzheimer’s disease.
Wagnild and Young define resilience as “the process of sustained positive adaptation in the face of significant adversity or risk.” They believe that resilience is a dynamic process that can be developed and strengthened over time.
The RS is based on the following five essential characteristics of resilience:
- Meaningful Life (or Purpose): A sense that one’s life has meaning and value.
- Perseverance: The ability to stay focused on goals and keep trying in the face of challenges.
- Self-Reliance: The ability to rely on oneself and one’s own inner resources.
- Equanimity: The ability to maintain a sense of calm and composure in the face of adversity.
- Existential Aloneness: The ability to accept oneself as a separate and unique individual.
The Resilience Scale (RS) was developed to evaluate the levels of resilience in the general population. Its reduced version (RS-14) has presented reliable internal consistency and external validity. However, its psychometric properties have not been systematically evaluated. The objective of this study was to present the psychometric properties of the Brazilian RS-14. A total of 1,139 subjects selected by convenience (62.9% women) from 14 to 59 years old (M = 26.1, SD = 11.61) participated in the study.
Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) and parallel analyses were conducted in order to assess the factor structure of the scale. A 13-item single-factor solution was achieved. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and multigroup CFA (MGCFA) corroborated the goodness of fit and measurement invariance of the obtained exploratory solution. The levels of resilience correlated negatively with depression and positively with meaning in life and self-efficacy.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
Here’s a general guide on how to administer the Resilience Scale:
Provide Clear Instructions: Start by explaining the purpose of the scale and how it will be used. Ensure that the individual understands that there are no right or wrong answers, and they should respond based on their own feelings and experiences.
Select an Appropriate Setting: Choose a comfortable and private environment where the individual can complete the questionnaire without interruptions.
Explain the Response Format: Inform the individual about the response format. In the Resilience Scale, respondents typically rate each item on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree.”
Read Each Item Aloud or Provide Written Instructions: Depending on the preference of the individual, you can read each item aloud, or you can provide written instructions for them to follow as they complete the questionnaire.
Allow Adequate Time: Give the individual sufficient time to read and respond to each item. Encourage them to reflect on their feelings and experiences.
Ensure Confidentiality: Assure the individual that their responses will remain confidential. This helps create a safe and open environment for honest self-reflection.
Answer Questions: If the individual has any questions or needs clarification about specific items, provide clear explanations without influencing their responses.
Complete the Questionnaire Independently: Encourage the individual to complete the questionnaire independently, without seeking input or advice from others.
Review Responses (Optional): If the individual is comfortable, you can review their responses together to address any concerns or discuss their reflections on resilience.
Scoring (If Necessary): If you’re using the Resilience Scale for research or clinical purposes, you’ll need to score the questionnaire according to the specified scoring guidelines provided by the authors.
Reliability and Validity
The Resilience Scale (RS) has been shown to be reliable and valid in a variety of populations and settings.
Reliability refers to the consistency of the scale. This means that the scale should produce similar results when it is administered to the same person on multiple occasions.
The RS has good test-retest reliability, meaning that people tend to score similarly on the scale when it is administered to them at two different times. For example, one study found that the test-retest reliability coefficient for the RS was 0.72.
Validity refers to the ability of the scale to measure what it is supposed to measure. This means that the scale should correlate with other measures of resilience, and it should not correlate with measures of other constructs, such as depression or anxiety.
Available Versions
14-Items
25-Items
Reference
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165-178.
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (2009). The 14-item resilience scale (RS-14). Wordem, MT: Resilience Center.
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Resilience Scale?
The Resilience Scale is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual’s ability to cope with stress and adversity.
Who developed the Resilience Scale?
The Resilience Scale was developed by Gail M. Wagnild and Heather M. Young in 1993.
How many items are there in the Resilience Scale?
There are 14 items in the Resilience Scale.
What does the Resilience Scale measure?
It measures an individual’s capacity to adapt, bounce back, and maintain a positive outlook in challenging situations.
Is there a copyright or trademark associated with the Resilience Scale?
Yes, “The Resilience Scale” is an international trademark of Gail M. Wagnild & Heather M. Young, 1993. Copyright permissions apply.
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